HIV AIDS Education in the Emergency Services

HIV AIDS Education in the Emergency Services HIV AIDS Education, counseling support services in the emergency medical service environment Introduction Our presentation is about historical ground and theories of origin of human immunodefiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We going to briefly discuss HIV/AIDS education counseling and testing, support service in emergency medical service environment. We also going to touch on the background presentation measures and management including transmittion from one person to another (mayoclinic, 2014). Origin of HIV AIDS The origin of HIV and AIDS pandemic has been traced to the 1950’s in the city of Kinshasa, the capital city of Democratic Republic of Congo. The hunter’s theory is the most common excepted theory, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) virus was transferred to human as a result of chimpanzees being killed and eaten. It also said that their blood was getting into the hunters cuts or wounds. SIV virus adapted itself within the human body an became HIV (canadian, 2014) Out lining the relationship between CD4 count and HIV Cd4 count is a protein that is sometimes express on the surface of a class of immune system (T-cells). T-cell is the one who recognized when the cells have virus. If the cells are infected the CD4 will be positive, then the T- cell will start looking around to see if there is any pathogens. If there is any of pathogen the antibody response will tell cell called macrophages to destroy it (NHLBI, 2014). At this stage we can say that the HIV needs to bind of CD4 and one of its receptors to gain entry into white blood cells. Then over a certain period HIV infection will decline the number of CD4 cells because of decreasing of the CD4 count manuscript, 2014 NIH Public accessed, and 2014). Stigma and discrimination Stigma refers to the prejudice and discrimination directed at people living with HIV and AIDS. It can be an important barrier to EMS personnel if we can implement it by advising personnel to get tested because most of people they afraid to see doctors to know about their results so that if they have disease they can start with treatment. Other thing is when personnel know that they have HIV/ AIDS they have a fear to talk about it or taking easy available precautions. So the more they have fear the stigma is processing on immune system, which lead to a seriously damage AIDS or aids epidemic continues to spread around. The epidemic of fear, stigmatization and discrimination has undermined the ability of personnel to protect them and provide support to the others who affected due to fear. If the affected personnel can have the supports from their love one’s, they can be able to stay positive all the times and take their treatment regularly. Ethical implications on HIV/AIDS are that health care workers should not disclose status of people/patient who tested positive and confidentiality should be maintained. HIV virus HIV envelop HIV viral protein that serves to form envelops where the glycoprotein referred to as envelops proteins because they make up of outer coat of human (mayoclinic, 2014). HIV Capsid Is protein shell that protects the virus’s genetic material (mayoclinic, 2014). HIV Enzyme It have three enzyme required for HIV replication and reverse which is transcriptase, integrase, protease. Before this enzymes become functional they it need to be cut from the longer polypeptide chain. Viral protease cuts the long chain into its individual enzyme components which then facilitate the production of new viruses (mayo clinic, 2014). HIV RNA Genetic material of HIV composed of ribonucleic acid It can detect by nucleic acid test (NAT) NAT is not used for HIV infection, but it is used for measuring HIV concentration (viral load) level in a positive person (mayoclinic,discovery:2014) HIV Glycoprotein This originally buried within the viral envelope, but when Gp120 binds to CD4 count receptors,Gp120 changes its confirmation causing Gp41 to become expose where it can assist infusion with the lost cell (mayoclic,2014) Mayoclinic:2014 Education According to mayo clinic, â€Å"HIV/AIDS is the condition whereby the immune system of the body becomes weak in a state where it cannot defend itself against organisms that cause disease†. Although there are many education programmes in South Africa we cannot afford not to take action because there are already about 950 AIDS related death in South Africa every day. The silence and stigma surroundings HIV AIDS must be broken and replaced by openance, good communication and compassion. Educating everyone especial in emergency care to understand how HIV AIDS is spread and what we can do to protect ourselves. Encourage personnel to change sexual behavior and to practice safe sex at all times. Making condoms freely and easily available. Educating personnel on how to use them (Male Female) ( discovery, mayoclinic,2014). Wellness programme Personnel should assists with information regarding HIV/AIDS Personnel are offered pre test counseling before test to prepare them emotionally and psychologically for test. All tests should be done by the professionals. After the test, personnels receive post test counseling to assists him or her to deal with the positive result (mayoclinic,2014 Provide HIV testing through the occupation Health clinic or we can refer to the external providers such as new start. Treatment for STI infections, like TB and HIV and AIDS (ARV’S). Continuous counseling and support to personnel (canadian, 2014) Emergency care workers are advice to always adhere to safety measures personal protective equipment (PPE). When working with fluid, blood and also with sharps like needles, scissors, blades, etc; you must work carefully to prevent needle pricks during working operation (canadian, 2014). SUPPORT SERVICE In situation where by a personnel is living with a HIV virus, issues to be considered like getting Psychological Support Moral support from management and from fellow or core workers (Discovery, 2014). Encourage personnel to take medication properly to live normal life as possible. The most pressing concern for scientist today should not be how the AIDS epidemic originated, but how those it affects can be treated (avert, 2014). Further spread of HIV can be prevented by education ,counseling and testing(Canadian, 2014) (Canadian, 2014) CONSELLING TESTING Personnel should be encouraged to know their HIV status by testing using trinity biotech and making sure that there is proper counseling that goes with testing (pre-post test) If the results is negative the trinity will have 1 line shows, if positive 2 lines will shows (discovery,2014 Conclusion It is likely that we will never know who the first person was infected with HIV, or exactly how it spread from that initial person. HIV education, counseling and testing is imperative in reducing new infections and deaths by means of safety measures and anti retroviral. Educating personnel, who is already living with this pandemic, encourage them to talk freely and have influence on their work by advising people where necessary. HIV and AIDS is a regarded as a behavioral problem. Let us not die from ignorance and denial, Let us do something or stand up (J.Mol,Biol,2011) References Aver, 2014 [online] available @ www.avert.org/hiv/aids-stigma and discrimination.htm accessed @ 15/10/2014 Copy right @1997 Canadian centre for occupation health health safety, support and service [online] available @ www.canadian.com accessed @ 05/102014 manuscript, 2014 NIH Public accessed, 2014). Discovery, (2014) support service [online] available @ http://www.wisc.edu/media.com accessed @ 02/10/2014 and 03/10/2014. J.Mol, Biol, (2011) how HIV AIDS transmitted [online]available @www.nebi.nih,gov/pubmed.com accessed @20/10/2014 Manuscript, 2014 HIV and AIDS [online] available on http://ncib,nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles.accessed @ 06/10/2014. Mayo clinic 2014 HIV and AIDS 0nline.available at http;//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-condition/HIV/AIDS [emailprotected] 02/10/2014 NHLBI (2014), [online] available @ www.nhlbi.gov/health/health-topics/WELNESS.accessed @ 15/10/2014

Causes of Poverty in the United States Essay -- Poor Economy Education

Causes of Poverty in the United States The United States defines poverty for a family of four as being less than $16,036 per year, or $4,009 per person (Leone 12). People find themselves under this line for an innumerable amount of reasons. Some of these causes are under one's control and others are greater factors beyond an individual's power. Each family or individual person has unique and separate reasons for living in a state poverty. There is no way to try and define them all. Focusing in, three main topics arise that encompass the most predominant reasons for a person to fall into poverty. Education, family life and influence, along with the business cycle may work individually or together to cause poverty. These three leading causes are presented and discussed along with facts prevalent to the issue in the section below. Education and Poverty Education, or inadequate education or lack of an education, causes poverty. From the early years of preschool, into the years of K-12, without a college education and on into the work force people in poverty may never stop suffering from it if they do not become educated. The United States generally looks at education as a path to success but the people with the longest road towards success are not getting enough education. In the years before kindergarten, children form their basic thinking skills and children who don't learn these at home fall behind everyone else. In most cases children in poverty do not achieve these skills to the extent of middle-class children from their environment at home. When poor children enter school they are generally a year and a half behind the language abilities of their middle-class peers. Already children of poverty are behind in their ... ...ge & Family May 2002. Seccombe, Karen. "Famlies in Poverty in the 1990's: Trends, Causes, Consequences, and Lessons Learned." Journal of Marriage and Family Nov. 2000. Starr, Alexander. "The Importance of Teaching Tots; Given the strong evidence of its benefits to society, preschool education for the poor - and perhaps all children- is a must." Business Week 26 Aug. 2002. "Unemployment Rate of Persons 16 Years Old and Over, by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Highest Degree Attained, 1996, 1997, and 1998" Digest of Education Statistics1999. National Center for Education Statistics March 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States. 2001 Weir, Margaret. "Race and Urban Poverty." Brookings Review Summer 1993. Yapa, Lakshman. "What causes Poverty? A post-modern view." Annals of the Association of American Geographers Dec. 1996. Causes of Poverty in the United States Essay -- Poor Economy Education Causes of Poverty in the United States The United States defines poverty for a family of four as being less than $16,036 per year, or $4,009 per person (Leone 12). People find themselves under this line for an innumerable amount of reasons. Some of these causes are under one's control and others are greater factors beyond an individual's power. Each family or individual person has unique and separate reasons for living in a state poverty. There is no way to try and define them all. Focusing in, three main topics arise that encompass the most predominant reasons for a person to fall into poverty. Education, family life and influence, along with the business cycle may work individually or together to cause poverty. These three leading causes are presented and discussed along with facts prevalent to the issue in the section below. Education and Poverty Education, or inadequate education or lack of an education, causes poverty. From the early years of preschool, into the years of K-12, without a college education and on into the work force people in poverty may never stop suffering from it if they do not become educated. The United States generally looks at education as a path to success but the people with the longest road towards success are not getting enough education. In the years before kindergarten, children form their basic thinking skills and children who don't learn these at home fall behind everyone else. In most cases children in poverty do not achieve these skills to the extent of middle-class children from their environment at home. When poor children enter school they are generally a year and a half behind the language abilities of their middle-class peers. Already children of poverty are behind in their ... ...ge & Family May 2002. Seccombe, Karen. "Famlies in Poverty in the 1990's: Trends, Causes, Consequences, and Lessons Learned." Journal of Marriage and Family Nov. 2000. Starr, Alexander. "The Importance of Teaching Tots; Given the strong evidence of its benefits to society, preschool education for the poor - and perhaps all children- is a must." Business Week 26 Aug. 2002. "Unemployment Rate of Persons 16 Years Old and Over, by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Highest Degree Attained, 1996, 1997, and 1998" Digest of Education Statistics1999. National Center for Education Statistics March 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States. 2001 Weir, Margaret. "Race and Urban Poverty." Brookings Review Summer 1993. Yapa, Lakshman. "What causes Poverty? A post-modern view." Annals of the Association of American Geographers Dec. 1996.

Wal-Mart Market Analysis

Wal-Mart Market Analysis Wal-Mart is the second largest company in the world. Its focus is on mass merchandising as opposed to specialty merchandising. The idea behind mass merchandising is to offer products and services in one convenient store to better manage a consumer’s time. An example of how Wal-Mart mass merchandisers is by offering a multitude of products and services within one convenient store. They sell sporting goods, electronics, housing needs, clothing, groceries, consumables, and toiletries all in one convenient location. Similar to a mall, Wal-Mart meets all of its customers’ needs in one location. This is a very valuable ability because it allows the customer to have more control over his or her time. (Research and Markets, 2010) The company operates under three main operation segments. Its most common segment will be its Wal-Mart. The second common segment found in the United States is Sam’s Club. Sam’s club is similar to Wal-Mart except that it is larger in size and puts more emphasis on wholesale retail. They are more popular with businesses and large families. The company’s last segment consists of International stores. Though Wal-Mart has few locations outside the United States its name is widely known. (Research and Markets, 2010) Within the United States, Wal-Mart has a variety of mass merchandising locations. Wal-Mart’s products and services within each location are based on demographics and surrounding stores. Superstores, discount stores, and neighborhood markets are the three types of stores Wal-Mart might open, given a certain demographic. If a community is large and consists of multiple school districts and many families, Wal-Mart will consider opening a Superstore or neighborhood market. Within a neighborhood market, Wal-Mart offers lower pricing to compete with higher priced stores such as Targets, Kohls, ShopRites, ACMEs, and Super fresh. Even shopping malls competing with Wal-Mart. Discount stores are located in smaller communities, mostly consisting of elderly individuals or small families. (Research and Markets, 2010) Wal-Mart’s is a very powerful company due to its low pricing and high volume. It drives mom and pop shops and local small retail stores out of business due to the inability to compete with such a large chain. Although this is disappointing, Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers, providing jobs for over a million employees. So it does its share to contribute to employment. (Market Research, 2010) Everyday Wal-Mart is increasing its market share. Years back Wal-Mart was just another retailer, but due to massive expansion and lower prices, Wal-Mart now competes in almost every type of retail business. Wal-Mart is now opening grocery stores, gas stations, and supercenters that sell everything imaginable in order to maximize its market share. Everyday Wal-Mart is devising new ideas to keep a huge control over the market share. Ideas of incorporating a grocery store within a clothing store were farfetched 10 years ago, but now it is typical to buy dairy products and sporting goods all in one store. Now farfetched and even crazier ideas such as selling used cars, financial services, and home improvement needs can be realized within Wal-Mart’s ability to expand its products and services. (Market Research, 2010) Wal-Mart has the ability to continue growing to higher and even deeper depths. The goal for Wal-Mart is to not let its goals of expanding interfere with its normal and everyday operations. Low prices and convenience are a must for Wal-Mart to continue operating. Today Wal-Mart is a common name in retail just as Ford is common to automobiles. ? References Market Research, Initials. (2010). The Age of wal-mart. Retrieved fromhttp://www. marketresearch. com/map/prod/805195. html Research and Markets, Initials. (2010). Analysis of wal-mart stores. Retrieved from http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reportinfo. asp? report_id=552122

What Is Philosophy And Why Should Anyone Study It

What is philosophy and why should anyone study it? We are all doomed without philosophy! Why you may ask. Well the reason why is because philosophy is all around us, but many people fail to notice it. According to the Oxford Dictionaries philosophy is, â€Å"The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline† (Philosophy). So, in other terms, philosophy is the way we think about various topics. Philosophy is full of thinking and questioning everything around us, so when we stop thinking and questioning our surroundings, we are doomed. While reading Alistair Sinclair What is Philosophy, I learned that philosophy in Greek stands for ‘love of wisdom.’ In other terms,†¦show more content†¦These three branches help us grasp the concept of philosophy because they all help us understand the bigger picture of philosophy. While there are many reasons to study philosophy, the main reasons that we should study philosophy is so that we can advance our own knowledge, and because philosophy is a part of every one of us. We are naturally curious about our surroundings, and want to understand the true meaning of it. Alistair Sinclair said, â€Å"As individuals, we want to be wise than just plain ignorant† (1). We all want to be philosophers because we do not want to be the odd person who is oblivious to our surroundings. Philosophy can advance both our academic and social knowledge. People who study philosophy have a better understanding that their one view is not always right. Philosophers can take their personal beliefs and compare with others, and being able to find a happy medium between multiple beliefs. As Alistair Sinclair stated, philosophers are open minded and prepared to change their view points (8). Meaning, they are ready to reconsider their view points, if valid points are given. 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